Carbohydrate analysis

CONSOLIDATED PRACTICUM

TECHNICAL APPLICATIONS LABORATORY TEST

METHOD CARBOHYDRATE IODIN

NAME : ERVAN, TOGATOROP

NIM : G31113302

GROUPS: FIVE

ASSISTANT : DEWI SARTIKA MONOARFA

CHEMICAL LABORATORY ANALYSIS AND QUALITY CONTROL

PROGRAM FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT FOOD

HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY MAKASSAR AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY

2014

I. INTRODUCTION

KEP.I.1 /background

carbohydrate solution is needed in our bodies. Carbohydrate is the compound macromolecule that was found in food that consisted of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Carbohydrate consists of four parts are monosaccharide, disakarida, oligosakarida and polysaccharide. Monosaccharide consists of one cluster sugar, disakarida consists of two clusters sugar, oligosakarida consists of three to ten cluster sugar, polysaccharide consists of ten or more cluster sugar. Each cluster sugar dihubungan by ikatan gliosidik.

Their carbohydrates function as that are the main energy in the body. For activity we need energy, energy, from the materials food that contains carbohydrates. Main sources are carbohydrates that very often, we know such as rice, corn, potatoes, cassava, sago. Carbohydrate Analysis can be done in qualitative and quantitative. Quantitative Analysis is used to analyze number of carbohydrates in food. Quantitative analysis example is the method lowry. Qualitative Analysis in use to analyze is tidanya carbohydrates in food. Conto qualitative analysis method is iodin.

Carbohydrate qualitative Analysis is done in order to know whether there exists carbohydrates in food. The method iodin can be used to analyze carbohydrates in qualitative research. Types of carbohydrate in test with the method karbohidat is carbohydrate types of polysaccharide. Polysaccharide added iodin will set up a different colors according to the type of lots and lots.

I.2 aims and

objectives he did practicum test functionality carbohydrate iodin method is as follows

1. To find out the principles testing method with carbohydrate iodin

2. To find out what kind of carbohydrates in a food in qualitative research.

He uses practicum testing karohidrat with ioin method is so that everyone practicum understand how to test carbohydrates in qualitative research and has gone types of carbohydrates that are in ujinya.

II. LITERATURE review

II.1 Potato (Solanum Tuberosum)

was a plant which contains carbohydrates. Plants debt, not sycamore, like a mild such as in the highlands hill ().  Was a plant (the flowers in bloom perfect) and has been prepared compound with size around 3 cm. Potato colors ranging from chocolate purplish patches to yellowish white (Ilias, 2012).

Types of potato based Distan (2012) is as follows.

Wuhan : Plantae

Subkingdom : Tracheobionta

Super Division : Spermatophyta

Division : Magnoliophyta

Class : Magnoliopsida

Sub-Class : Asteridae

orders : Solanales

family : Solanaceae

Genus : Solanum

species : Solanum tuberosum L

Potato is famous because the content of carbohydrate him (around 26 gram in potato medium).  Dominant form of carbohydrate is pati. Some small but significant pati is resistant to digestive system by the enzymes in the stomach and small intestine, so that it can reach bowel essentially intact (anonymous, 2010)

II.2 Carbohydrate

Carbohydrate are polysaccharide, is a main source of energy to food. Rice, cassava, corn are just a few examples food contains carbohydrates. Building Blocks page carbon, hydrogen carbohydrate are, and oxygen (C, H, O) with the formula general Cn(H2O)n. Because this is the name carbohydrate given. Carbohydrate comes from the word 'carbon' and 'hydrous'.  Carbon Atoms that binds water (Haris, 2013).

The grouping carbohydrate according to Selastini (2011) that is: 1

.

A Simple carbohydrates. Monosaccharide

consists of atoms C period with a molecule water, namely {C6(H2O)6} and {C5(H2O)5}.  Most monosaccharide known as heksosa, because consisting of 6- chain or a ring carbon. Atoms - atoms hydrogen and oxygen is bound in chains or ring was separately or as cluster hydroxyl ( o ).  There are three kinds of heksosa is important in nutrition, namely glucose, fructose and galaktosa. The three kinds monosaccharide contain numbers and types of same atoms, namely 6 carbon atoms, 12 atoms hydrogen, and 6 oxygen atom. The difference is located in the way atoms - atoms hydroThe difference is located in the way atoms - atoms hydrogen and oxygen around atoms - carbon atoms. The difference in the order an atom this is what causes the difference between the high. sweetness, power is dissolved, and the attributes another third monosaccharide. Monosaccharide that was found in nature in generally found in the form dekstro handed isomers.

2.

There are four different types of Disakarida disakarida, namely sucrose or sakrosa, maltose, lactose and trehalosa. Disakarida consists of two units monosaccharide is tied with one another through condensation reaction. Disakarida can be driven back to two molecules monosaccharide through reaction hidrolisis. Glucose is found in the four types of disakarida, monosaccharide other is fructose and galaktosa.

3. Oligosakarida

Oligosakarida consists of polymer two to ten monosaccharide. Rafinosa, stakiosa and verbaskosa is oligosakarida that consists of unit - unit glucose, fructose and galaktosa. Fruktan is a group oligo and polosakarida composed of several units fructose is tied with one molecule glucose. Fruktan is found in cereal, onion, garlic, and asparagus.

4. Polysaccharide

Polysaccharide which comprises more than two ikatan monosaccharide. Carbohydrate complex can contain up to three thousand unit sugar that simple long chain arranged in the form straight or branch. Types of polysaccharide which are important in nutrition, pati, dektrin, glycogen and polysaccharide nonpati.Fiber named also polysaccharide nonpati .two fiber, namely that cannot be dissolved and

that can be dissolved in water. Fiber that is not fully dissolved in water is a blatantly from cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Fiber that is dissolved in water is pectin which was an antioxidant essence, gum, mukilase, glukan and algal.

II.3 Carbohydrate test method Iodin

Condensation iodin with carbohydrates in trial iodin, monosaccharide can produce colors that is unique. This was because the solution pati, there are units glucose that formed a chain helix because of ties with configuration on each unit glukosanya. This form causes pati can form a complex molecule iodine that is able to fit in, causing sticky spirals dark blue in the complex (Fessenden, 1986).

Solution amilum after ditetesi iodine (before heat) solution with white nodes. However, after heat colors solution is still white nodes but there is a sludge purple tube go any reaction. This shows that this happened hidrolisis pati at global warming. The sediment that appeared in the bottom of the jar is partly due to the fact that the process hidrolisis pati that was not perfect. This is the rest of The details of the

amilum (Divans, 2012).

Bond between iod and amilum as ikatan illusion because they can be broken when heat and formed again at the moment is cooled. When heat chain amilum lengthen so iod, just as easily despite when cooled, the chain amilum will contract so iod again tied with amilum. This is because menghidrolisis ability so that amilum turned into a glucose. Testing amilum will be done in the atmosphere acid, base and neutral. Additional solution iod 0.01 M in water in the atmosphere base does not happen color change because iod not bind to amilum (Sherly, 2012).

Pati and iodine bond complex blue color. Pati in the atmosphere acid when when heat can terhidrolisis to the compound that more simple, the results were tested with iodine that will give the blue and not in color. If amylose direaksikan with iodine and it will be a blue, while if amilofektin direaksikan with iodine will give color purple blackness (Mustaqim, 2012).

Amilum reacted with molecules iod because the structure amilum solution in

helical shaped like a spool so that it can be completed by this molecule iod

in it. However, after global warming, the color solution to nodes.

This was because there is a decisive break ties with glucose Iod earlier or from fragmenting ion (authorization iod from amilum) because the change in temperature. After cooled, solution back blue color. This shows that this bond between

iod and amilum as ikatan illusion because they can be broken when heat and formed again at the moment is cooled (Raandesky, 2011).

Trial hidrolisis pati by acid, in the minute 0 after samples ditetesi solution iodin samples blue glaze. In the minute 4 teaching Global warming and ditetesi iodin solution, the color samples is still livid. Global Warming after minutes to 8 and ditetesi iodin solution, the sample blue keabuan or memudarnya blue color glaze. In the minute 12 global warming color samples fade away to blue keabuan after ditetesi iodin. After the warming up session 16 minutes and ditetesi iodie, color samples to clear (Grace, 2012).

Trial iodin used for medeteksi the pati (a polysaccharide), when done experiment with three conditions that condition, neutral, acid and bases, which are at each tube added 2 drops in water tubes I (neutral), 2 drops HCl in tubes II (acid) and 2 drops Na OH in tubes III (base).  And Then the three tubes, after heat in a tube I with a neutral, ( 2 drops water) did not happen color change, with base ( 2 drops Na OH) has not changed colors (colors is still muddy) or in other words, not formed ikatan coordination between ion iodida at helix.

This is because the base I2 will experience a reaction as follows:

3 I2 6 Na OH → 5 NaI naio3 3 H2O

So that the solution is not I2 causing the occurrence of ikatan coordination and therefore colors is still muddy, while with the current acid

(Na OH II.4 Sodium Hydroxide

(Na OH) Sodium hydroxide, also known as soda kaustik or sodium hydroxide, is a kind base volume kaustik. Sodium hydroxide formed darioksida base Sodium oxide dissolved in water. Sodium hydroxide solution alkaline formed a strong when dissolved into the water. Sodium hydroxide solid and pure form of white available in the form pelet, crumb, a small object or a saturated 50 percent. Sodium hydroxide is moist and liquid spontaneously absorb carbon dioxide from free air. Na OH is dissolved in water, to deliver warm when being dissolved. Na OH also dissolved in ethanol and methanol, even though solubility Na OH in the balance is smaller than solubility KOH (anonymous, 2012).

Additional Na OH function is to give the atmosphere base on the try iodin. In testing solution amilum and iod' Na OH preclude a reaction between amilum with iod. This is because iod reacted with base so that it does not have a reaction with amilum. This situation occurred because Na OH is the solution first to react with iod form compound NaI and naoi" so that the trial with additional Na OH not there was a change in solution amilum (anonymous, 2011).

II.5 Aquadest

Aquades or common in call distilled water is the water purification result (been evaporated and disejukan again).distilled water also has a chemical formula in water that is generally H20 which means in 1 molecules there are 2 hydrogen atoms covalent bond and oxygen atom single. H20 molecules in form of asymmetrical. Because water molecules asymmetrical and oxygen atom has electronegativity higher than hydrogen atoms, he brought negative (-) charge a little, while hydrogen atoms little positive. As a result, the water is a molecule polar moment with dipol electricity or is not the same as 0. Water can also be set up in a big number hydrogen bond intermolecular force for a molecule size (anonymous, 2011c).

Aquades is water destilasi or refiners with

pure water or H20, because H20 almost does not contain minerals. While mineral water is solvent universal. Additional akuades the establishment carbohydrate iodin method is as larutannetral (anonymous, 2011).

II.6 hydrochloric acid (HCl) Adding

HCl in testing carbohydrate had the same function like other reagent, HSO4. Both work for menghidrolisis polysaccharide to monosaccharide immense. Amilum that has been added with hydrochloric acid when tested with iodine solution, in a negative impact, it can be concluded that amilum has terhidrolisis with perfect (Sativa, 2008).

III. The method PRACTICUM

III.1 time and place

during the announcement carbohydrate iodin method was done on wednesday, november 12, 2013, at 08.00 - 12.00 WITA Chemical laboratory analysis, and Quality Control study program, Food Science and Technology Food, majoring in Agricultural Technology, the Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar.

III 2 equipment and materials

tools used in this practicum:

- a knife - hot plate

- batang stirring spoon or rod - a glass chemical

pipette measure - container

- stopwatch - weight analytic

- rak tube reaction - clipper tube reaction

- scar - shaker bottle

materials used in this practicum were as follows:

- aquadest - potato

- HCl 3% - corn

- Na OH 6 M - bananas

- sweet potato-flour

III.3 procedures Practicum

1. Material skinned and being washed clean and crushed by using blender/grated.

2. Weighed as much as 5 grams with scales analytic.

3. Put into the glass a measure and are added aquades 50 ml.

4. Material into the 3 tube reaction. Each 3 ml then given equal treatment and to be observed color change that occurs. But his offer:

- aquades 2 drops

- solution HCl 3% 2 drops

- solution Na OH 6 M 2 drops

5. Each sample added solution iodin 3 drops and color change that occurs carefully.

6. When Heat with penangas/hot plate temperature at 60 for 5 minutes.

7. Redundancy samples during 10 minutes later color change look at what happened.

IV. RESULTS and discussion

results obtained IV.1 result from practicum trial carbohydrate iodine methods can be seen in the table below:

table 12. Test result Carbohydrate additional Aquadest

No material treatment

Aquadest Iodin Heat Cooled

1 Potato White White White White -

2 Papaya Yellow Yellow has faded Yellow has faded Yellow has faded

3 banana dirty White White muddy dirty White White -

4 sweet potato White-gray Nodes Nodes

5 Corn Yellow muddy dark yellow or Yellow Yellow - A Source

: The data Primary Practicum Technical Applications Laboratory 2014.

Table 13. Test result Carbohydrate additional HCl 3%

No material treatment

HCl Iodin Heat Cooled

1 Potato dirty White Blue Blue - Blue

2 Papaya Yellow yellow light yellow - Yellow faded away - -

3 banana dirty White Blue glaze White White -

4 sweet potato White Blue Nodes Nodes

5 Corn Yellow muddy dark yellow or Yellow Yellow - A Source

: The data Primary Practicum Technical Applications Laboratory 2014.

Table 14. Test result Carbohydrate additional Na OH

No material treatment

Na OH Iodin Heat Cooled

1 Potato Yellow Yellow and White White -

2 Papaya bright yellow color bright yellow color bright yellow color bright yellow color -

3 banana Yellow muddy Yellow muddy bright yellow color - Yellow muddy - -

4 sweet potato Yellow Yellow Nodes yellowish - Nodes yellowish

5 Corn Yellow muddy Yellow muddy yellow light yellow light

Source: Data Primary Practicum Technical Applications Laboratory 2014.

V. iv.2 ). discussion

materials to use one group in practicum trial carbohydrates with iodin method is potatoes 5 gram. Potato contains quite a high carbohydrate. In 100 grams potato there are approximately 19 grams carbohydrate. Types of carbohydrates that are generally found in potato is carbohydrate polysaccharide namely pati. Pati consists of amylose and amylopectin. This is in accordance with the anonymous (2011) stated that potatoes well-known because it contains lots and lots. Dominant form of carbohydrate is pati. Some small but significant, pati is resistant to digestive system by the enzymes in the stomach and small intestine, so that it can reach bowel essentially intact. The content of carbohydrate potatoes per 100 g is 19 g.

Tube first reaction included 5 mL material that is white and included 3 drops aquadest and dihomogenkan. Aquadest that is added to the material was neutral and transparent so that it does not affect material. Aquadest function as a solvent segingga could not be menghidrolisis glucose. This is in accordance with Yudhisthira (2011) is a aquadest or aquadestilata or water denim is the water that has been purified. In addition aquades solution karohidrattidak resulting in a change.

Additional iodin done after adding aquades in previous treatment. Iodin added in a sample as many as three drops and dihomogenkan. Results obtained from treatment is solution is still a white House muddy. It should be adding iodin resulting in changes color of the solution. This was because of the lack of precision in seeing color change that occurs. The formation blue color in a carbohydrate because amilum on potatoes to react with iodin. This is in accordance with the cloud (2011) that iodin Added a change color to sample carbohydrates. Amilum on potato that spiral-shaped makes it easier for iodin check-in easily.

Treatment in a first reaction was heat for 5 minutes above penangas with the temperature 60o C and cooled for 10 minutes. Results obtained when heat is a white color. This is because ikatan amilum formed long chain at the time when heat. When a potato cooled, solution back to color again. This is because ikatan amilum back has been established. This is in accordance with Diwan (2012) stated that, bond between iod and amilum can lose when heat and formed again at the moment is cooled.

A Tube reaction both included 5 mL samples and then added HCl 3% in tubes and dihomogenkan. It was observed reactions that occur. What happens is solution to the white. This was diesbabkan because HCl is amino acid that additional form HCl slash pH samples. Revelation pH samples is marked with color change. This is in accordance with the Adiatma (2011) amilum spiral-shaped so that it is easy to bind to iod.

After added HCl tube reaction both added iodin as much as 5 drops and dihomogenkan. After that, watched by reactions that occur. Iodin to indicators that show color change in samples. Colors are formed is blue color. This was because of the reactions between amilum with iod. Pati, the atmosphere acid so amilum will terhidrolisisdan is easy they bind to iod to form the color blue. This is in accordance with the cloud (2011) that iodin added functions as a indicators polysaccharide compounds.

Treatment in tubes second reaction is, the sample heat for 5 minutes above penangas with the temperature 60 and cooled for 10 minutes. When heat solution blue color in solution decreases. This is because when samples when heat and amilum lengthen so iod is easy. When cooling solution back to color again. This is because a chain amilum back contract. This is in accordance with the sherly (2012) stated that the bonds between iod and amilum a bond illusion. So that it is easy to change depending treatment that will be given.

The third reaction tube samples included as many as 5 mL then put Na OH 6 M as many as 3 drops and dihomogenkan. After that, it was observed reactions that occur. A change to yellow color. This is because the base dissolved in water so that it will deliver heat. When dissolved into colors yellow. This is in accordance with an Anonymous (2012) stated that additional Na OH function is to give the atmosphere base on trial iodin. Additional Na OH causes color change to yellow color.

Iodin added as much as 5 drops into a tube reaction that has been added Na OH 6. Additional iod did not cause any changes. This is because iod ahead of time to react with Na OH so that there was no reaction between iod

with amilum. A reaction between Na OH with Iod will set up a compound NaI and naoi. This is in accordance with the cloud (2011) stated that the testing solution amilum and iod, Na OH preclude a reaction between amilum with iod. Iod first to react with Na OH that amilum with Na OH.

Tube Advanced reaction third heat for 5 minutes at high temperature 60 and cooled during 60 and then cooled for 10 minutes. Results obtained when heat, did not experience any changes so after cooled. This was because there was no reaction to the beginning of amilum with iod. So that when there is no ties that warming up and has been established. This is in accordance with the Raandesky (2011) stated that the treatment such as global warming and cooling solution in base that has been added iod did not experience any changes.

V. The closing

XIX.V.1 conclusion

that could be obtained from practicum is as follows:

1. Content of carbohydrate in a food can be known by doing a qualitative testing method trial iodin.

2. The principle of the announcement carbohydrates with test method iodin to identify polysaccharide. Reagent is iodine solution. Amilum with iodine can form a complex blue, Amylopectin with iodin will give a color scarlet while with glycogen and dekstrin will set up a bright red brown

V.2 Question and

suggestions that can be advanced practicum praktikan gave to the advanced practicum should be able to run more efficiently, and ensured that there is no uproar when process practicum took place.

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